Represents Grant table in the DB

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            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "10497",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N93022C00050-0-9999-1",
                "title": "CAPTURING MEDICAL MISINFORMATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA USING AN ADVANCED AI SOLUTION SET",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [],
                "start_date": "2022-08-08",
                "end_date": "2023-08-07",
                "award_amount": 300000,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 26504,
                    "first_name": "MANOOCHEHR",
                    "last_name": "GHIASSI",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
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                },
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                "awardee_organization": null,
                "abstract": "To develop digital tools to identify and combat malicious digital bots that spread misinformation about infectious disease treatments and vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines.",
                "keywords": [
                    "2019-nCoV",
                    "Basic Science",
                    "COVID-19 vaccine",
                    "Coronavirus",
                    "Medical",
                    "Misinformation",
                    "Vaccines",
                    "combat",
                    "digital",
                    "infectious disease treatment",
                    "social media",
                    "tool"
                ],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "10496",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N93022C00049-0-9999-1",
                "title": "DIGITAL TOOLS AGAINST MISINFORMATION ABOUT INFECTIOUS DISEASE TREATMENTS AND VACCINES",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [],
                "start_date": "2022-08-08",
                "end_date": "2023-08-07",
                "award_amount": 299993,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 26503,
                    "first_name": "KHAI",
                    "last_name": "EDOUARD",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
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                    "affiliations": []
                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": null,
                "abstract": "To develop digital tools to identify and combat malicious digital bots that spread misinformation about infectious disease treatments and vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines.",
                "keywords": [
                    "2019-nCoV",
                    "Basic Science",
                    "COVID-19 vaccine",
                    "Coronavirus",
                    "Misinformation",
                    "Vaccines",
                    "combat",
                    "digital",
                    "infectious disease treatment",
                    "tool"
                ],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "8221",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N92021C00008-P00002-9999-1",
                "title": "AWARD A CONTRACT FOR RADX TECH - QORVO TO SECURE AN EUA APPROVED POC ANTIGEN TEST SYSTEM AS WELL AS INCREASE AN INCREMENTAL DAILY CARTRIDGE PRODUCTION",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [],
                "start_date": "2021-04-02",
                "end_date": "2022-11-30",
                "award_amount": 4158139,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 24054,
                    "first_name": "HANJOON",
                    "last_name": "RYU",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
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                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": null,
                "abstract": "Qorvo Biotechnologies’ (Qorvo) investigational Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) sensor detection platform (Omnia TM ) targets viral antigen testing for use in Point-of-Care (POC) settings. The platform is designed to produce reliable and quantitative results matching central lab performance and improving confidence in POC tests.     Developed over a 6+ year timeframe, the technological differentiation is in the detection core, where Qorvo has optimized the BAW device that is made at low cost and high volume (millions per day for cell phones) for liquid biosensing. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen occurs with a shift in the biosensor resonance frequency as antigen (Nucleocapsid and Spike S1) protein mass accumulates at specific probes on the sensor surface. Traditional optical/ fluorescence sensing is replaced by high-sensitivity, high-specificity solid-state mass-based sensing.   While this proposal is focused on antigen test development, Qorvo has submitted for a SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test EUA on the same BAW platform that was completed in less than 10 weeks with world-class performance of 100% specificity and 100% negative cross reactivity. Given this is just one of over a dozen other assays previously run through this platform, the results give us extreme confidence in our ability to execute the viral antigen technical and timeline tasks.    Qorvo has invested heavily in manufacturing infrastructure commercial development for the antibody test as well as existing veterinary and human development products so the antigen will be part of a product suite. RADx assistance will enable acceleration of regulatory and US-based high-volume manufacturing ramp.",
                "keywords": [
                    "2019-nCoV",
                    "Acceleration",
                    "Acoustics",
                    "Antigens",
                    "Biological Assay",
                    "Biosensing Techniques",
                    "Biosensor",
                    "Cellular Phone",
                    "Contracts",
                    "Detection",
                    "Development",
                    "Devices",
                    "Fluorescence",
                    "Frequencies",
                    "Human Development",
                    "Immunoglobulin G",
                    "Infrastructure",
                    "Investigation",
                    "Liquid substance",
                    "Nucleocapsid",
                    "Optics",
                    "Performance",
                    "Production",
                    "Proteins",
                    "RADx",
                    "RADx Tech",
                    "Ramp",
                    "Running",
                    "SARS-CoV-2 antigen",
                    "Secure",
                    "Specificity",
                    "Surface",
                    "System",
                    "TimeLine",
                    "Viral Antigens",
                    "antibody test",
                    "antigen test",
                    "base",
                    "cost",
                    "cross reactivity",
                    "design",
                    "detection platform",
                    "improved",
                    "point of care",
                    "point of care testing",
                    "product development",
                    "sensor",
                    "solid state"
                ],
                "approved": true
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        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "9829",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N91021F00056-P00002-0-1",
                "title": "Laboratory to Perform Assays of Coagulopathy Biomarkers for the National Cancer Institute’s COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study (NCCAPS)",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Cancer Institute (NCI)"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [],
                "start_date": "2021-03-01",
                "end_date": "2023-02-28",
                "award_amount": 155897,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 24006,
                    "first_name": "EDWARD",
                    "last_name": "WONG",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
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                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
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                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": null,
                "abstract": "Lab will conduct coagulopathy assays for NCI to analyze as part of a correlative science objective in NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study (NCCAPS): A Longitudinal Natural History Study, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04387656   https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04387656",
                "keywords": [
                    "Biological Assay",
                    "Biological Markers",
                    "Blood Coagulation Disorders",
                    "COVID-19",
                    "Cancer Patient",
                    "Laboratories",
                    "National Cancer Institute",
                    "Natural History",
                    "Science"
                ],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "7665",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1ZIAAT000030-06",
                "title": "Neural and psychological mechanisms of pain perception",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [],
                "start_date": null,
                "end_date": null,
                "award_amount": 179571,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 23472,
                    "first_name": "Lauren",
                    "last_name": "Atlas",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
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                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": null,
                "abstract": "This was the sixth year of the Section on Affective Neuroscience and Pain, and the lab continued to grow and see former fellows move on to exciting new positions. Three new fellows (one postdoc, two postbacs) joined the lab in 2020, and one postbac began a Neuroscience PhD program at UCLA.  We continued to make progress on our human subjects protocol \"Neural and psychological mechanisms of pain perception.\" The protocol includes five sub-studies designed to a) isolate different aspects of pain modulation, b) compare acute pain modalities (e.g., thermal pain versus shock-induced pain), and c) compare and contrast pain with other hedonic and perceptual domains (e.g., taste). In all studies, we measure decisions about pain experience (self-report) as well as neural and physiological responses to noxious stimuli that cause pain. During analysis, we combine computational modeling with advanced neuroimaging analyses to isolate the neural and psychological mechanisms that mediate the effects of expectations, attention, and emotion on subjective pain.  Our protocol requires all participants to go through an initial calibration session, following screening. Participants complete questionnaires, and then undergo a procedure that measures pain ratings in response to noxious heat stimuli and determines each participants pain threshold and tolerance. 338 individuals completed this procedure to date (11 participants during Year 6 of the protocol, FY19-20, in addition than those who completed the procedure as part of the NCCIH screening protocol, 16-AT-0077).   We published one manuscript using data from this protocol in the past fiscal year (Rahnev et al., 2020, Nature Human Behavior) and submitted two additional manuscripts (Dildine, Necka, Atlas, Under review). Two of these papers focus on data from a subset of participants who provided confidence ratings during the pain calibration procedure. These data were included in a Confidence Database (Rahnev et al., 2020) to provide for cross modal comparisons of confidence in perceptual processes. We also analyzed the association between confidence in pain ratings and implicit behavioral measures during the pain rating process, namely eye tracking and reaction time. For the first time, we demonstrated that individuals can provide meta-cognitive judgments about their subjective pain, and that confidence is predicted by reaction time during pain rating. In future work, we will draw on these findings to measure the associations between expectations, uncertainty, and pain. We hypothesize that placebos might decrease pain but increase uncertainty. This paper (Dildine, Necka, and Atlas, Under review) is currently under review and we anticipate publication in FY21. A third paper (Mischkowski et al., Under revision) measures the association between dispositional mindfulness and pain during the calibration procedure. We found that individuals who report higher levels of mindfulness report less pain in post-task questionnaires, but show no difference in pain ratings collected during or immediately after noxious stimulation.   We have completed data collection for two fMRI sub-studies in previous years and are currently preparing manuscripts for submission. In January 2020 we completed fMRI data collection from our third fMRI sub-study, which measures the relationship between pain and pleasant and unpleasant taste perception and how expectations modulate perception across domains (Lee et al., In progress). This study measures how predictive cues modulate pain, sugar perception, and salt perception. This study involves two visits: one outside the scanner to identify each subjects threshold and tolerance, and one inside the scanner in which participants are randomized to receive sugar, salt, or heat in a conditioning paradigm. This project was led by a postdoc in the Section, Dr. In-Seon Lee, until she began her faculty position in Korea in September 2019. Data collection for the remaining participants was completed in January 2020 by our data analyst and a postbac in the lab. 60 participants completed the fMRI study (20 per group) and we found significant cue-based expectancy effects on perceived intensity across groups, irrespective of modality. However cue effects on subjective valence were less robust and varied across modalities. We have begun pre-registered fMRI analyses aimed at isolating domain-specific as well as domain-general mechanisms that underlie expectancy, affective learning, and perception. We anticipate that the manuscript for this study will be submitted in FY21.  Obviously the need to halt healthy volunteer research due to the COVID19 pandemic was a set-back for data collection progress on this protocol. However, we successfully shifted gears to focus on data analysis, as well as other experiments that involve online data collection. In addition to the study-specific analyses mentioned above, we also focused on new analyses relating data across sub-studies. First, we have looked at the reliability of our pain calibration procedure, to determine whether individuals report stable pain thresholds and tolerance across sessions. Although correlations are high, the intraclass correlation values to evaluate test-retest reliability of calibration measures are fair, suggesting that it is important for us to continue to calibrate individuals on each visit, and that pain sensitivity varies substantially within individuals. Preliminary analyses suggest that there are no consistent sex differences in reliability, therefore hormonal status is not a likely cause of fluctuations in sensitivity (further indicating that female participants should be included in all studies). We are currently measuring whether reliability varies as a function of the duration between visits, and whether the context (MRI scanner or behavioral experiment) alters sensitivity. We have also analyzed skin conductance data from all sub-studies using different analytic methods, and are comparing approaches to determine the best way to measure heat-evoked autonomic arousal. We expect both of these analysis projects to lead to independent publications to be submitted in early FY21.   Fortunately we have received approval to resume healthy volunteer research. We plan to start with the sub-study designed to measure the relationship between attention and perception, and to resume piloting our follow up experiment comparing pain and taste perception with high resolution 7-tesla MRI. These projects will be led by a new postdoc in the lab and by the data analyst.   In addition to the projects mentioned above, we published several collaborative papers, reviews, and commentaries that are relevant to this line of research including one paper on brain-body relationships and pain specificity (Lee et al., 2020), one paper on opioid analgesia (Leknes and Atlas 2020), and three collaborative papers on pain and placebo analgesia (Zheng et al., 2019; Geuter et al., 2020; Evers et al, In press).",
                "keywords": [
                    "Acute Pain",
                    "Affective",
                    "Animal Model",
                    "Arousal",
                    "Atlases",
                    "Attention",
                    "Back",
                    "Behavior",
                    "Behavioral",
                    "Brain",
                    "COVID-19 pandemic",
                    "Calibration",
                    "Clinical",
                    "Cognitive",
                    "Computer Models",
                    "Cues",
                    "Data",
                    "Data Analyses",
                    "Data Collection",
                    "Databases",
                    "Dissociation",
                    "Doctor of Philosophy",
                    "Eligibility Determination",
                    "Emotions",
                    "Expectancy",
                    "Experimental Psychology",
                    "Faculty",
                    "Female",
                    "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
                    "Future",
                    "Galvanic Skin Response",
                    "Goals",
                    "Hormonal",
                    "Human",
                    "Human Characteristics",
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                    "Judgment",
                    "Korea",
                    "Lead",
                    "Learning",
                    "Magnetic Resonance Imaging",
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                    "Mediating",
                    "Modality",
                    "Nervous system structure",
                    "Neuraxis",
                    "Neurobiology",
                    "Neurosciences",
                    "Opioid Analgesics",
                    "Organism",
                    "Outcome",
                    "Pain",
                    "Pain Threshold",
                    "Pain management",
                    "Paper",
                    "Participant",
                    "Pathway interactions",
                    "Patient Self-Report",
                    "Patient-Focused Outcomes",
                    "Perception",
                    "Physiological",
                    "Placebo Effect",
                    "Placebos",
                    "Population",
                    "Positioning Attribute",
                    "Postdoctoral Fellow",
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                    "Protocols documentation",
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                    "Reaction Time",
                    "Reporting",
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                    "Resolution",
                    "Sex Differences",
                    "Shock",
                    "Signal Transduction",
                    "Sodium Chloride",
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                    "Taste Perception",
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                    "hedonic",
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                    "human subject",
                    "mindfulness",
                    "neurobiological mechanism",
                    "neuroimaging",
                    "neuromechanism",
                    "pain perception",
                    "pain processing",
                    "pain relief",
                    "pain sensitivity",
                    "placebo analgesia",
                    "programs",
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                    "sugar",
                    "visual tracking"
                ],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "8013",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N92021P00049-0-0-1",
                "title": "RADX TECH PROJECT, L3 HEALTHCARE, LLC: RADX PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF YUKON SWABS",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
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                "start_date": "2021-01-12",
                "end_date": "2021-02-28",
                "award_amount": 173041,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 23913,
                    "first_name": "CHERMAEN",
                    "last_name": "CLINDBERG",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
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                    "approved": true,
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                    "affiliations": []
                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": null,
                "abstract": "The National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) has an open solicitation for proposals to provide up to $500 million across multiple projects to rapidly produce innovative SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests that will assist the public’s safe return to normal activities. Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx), is a fast-track technology development program that leverages the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Point-of-Care Technology Research Network (POCTRN). RADx will support novel solutions that build the U.S. capacity for SARS-CoV-2 testing up to 100-fold above what is achievable with standard approaches. RADx is structured to deliver innovative testing strategies to the public as soon as late summer 2020 and is an accelerated and comprehensive multi-pronged effort by NIH to make SARS-CoV-2 testing readily available to every American.",
                "keywords": [
                    "American",
                    "COVID-19",
                    "COVID-19 detection",
                    "COVID-19 diagnostic",
                    "COVID-19 testing",
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                    "Privatization",
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                    "user-friendly"
                ],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "9197",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N92020C00017-P00001-9999-1",
                "title": "RAPID ACCELERATION OF DIAGNOSTICS (RADX) PROGRAM: TECH PROJECT NO 2375 - MASSIVELY PARALLEL CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED ULTRAFAST COVID-19INFECTIOUS",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [],
                "start_date": "2020-09-30",
                "end_date": "2021-09-29",
                "award_amount": 7200049,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 24949,
                    "first_name": "DAVID",
                    "last_name": "BEEBE",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
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                    "approved": true,
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                },
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                "awardee_organization": null,
                "abstract": "The key conceptual insight underpinning this proposal is that detecting individuals who are most likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 is essential to mitigating the pandemic and reopening America. Our approach consciously contrasts with most existing nucleic acid testing platforms, which begin from the premise that maximizing detection sensitivity is the goal. We argue that striving for maximum sensitivity is at odds with the current needs for broad population based testing and that in a public health emergency, nucleic acid testing should be designed to maximize the number of people who can be tested for high viral loads consistent with shedding of live virus, in the greatest number of settings, at the lowest possible cost. To achieve this we couple a proven, ultrafast nucleic acid extraction method with rapid detection of amplified nucleic acids in an assay that can be both massively scaled in centralized reference labs and also used by point-of-care testing providers. The key enabling technology is a new, but proven, nucleic acid extraction method that reliably, quickly, and easily extracts, purifies, and concentrates viral RNA from a variety of sample types including nasal swabs and saliva in a highly parallel format. RNA prepared using this extraction method can be reliably amplified and detected using a simple colorimetric assay following isothermal amplification. These two technologies combined provide a testing platform that can enable millions of tests a week, at low cost, in both centralized laboratories and at point-of-care using technicians with no specialized training to support test/isolate/trace.",
                "keywords": [
                    "Americas",
                    "Biological Assay",
                    "Conscious",
                    "Decentralization",
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                    "Methods",
                    "Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests",
                    "Nucleic Acids",
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                    "SARS-CoV-2 transmission",
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                    "Viral Load result",
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                    "amplification detection",
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                    "rapid detection",
                    "viral RNA"
                ],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "8132",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N91021F00056-0-0-1",
                "title": "Laboratory to Perform Assays of Coagulopathy Biomarkers for the National Cancer Institute’s COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study (NCCAPS)",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
                    "name": "National Institutes of Health",
                    "approved": true
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                "funder_divisions": [
                    "National Cancer Institute (NCI)"
                ],
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                "start_date": "2021-03-01",
                "end_date": "2022-02-28",
                "award_amount": 405994,
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                    "id": 24006,
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                "abstract": "Lab will conduct coagulopathy assays for NCI to analyze as part of a correlative science objective in NCI COVID-19 in Cancer Patients Study (NCCAPS): A Longitudinal Natural History Study, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04387656   https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04387656",
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            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "75N92021C00013-0-9999-1",
                "title": "THE PURPOSE OF THIS MODIFICATION IS TO UPDATE THE DELIVERABLE DUE DATES FOR RADX TECH PROJECT 2200",
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                    "id": 4,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01cwqze88",
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                    "National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)"
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                "abstract": "Our DASH-HT molecular diagnostic system will detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in asymptomatic subjects in 12 minutes with a throughput of 30 per hour.  Specimens can be nasal or nasopharyngeal swabs.  Less than 1 minute of operator time is required to elute specimens in the cartridge and scan barcodes.  The cartridge, which is closed after removing the swab, contains all reagents needed for extraction, purification and RT-qPCR.  40 cycles of qPCR are performed in less than 5 minutes after sample prep which takes 7 minutes. Six processing units are housed in a cabinet that contains power and environmental control system so the system can be run outdoors year round.  It is small and light enough to be transported as checked luggage on domestic airlines.   Cartridges are designed to be stable for at least 1 year at ambient temperatures of 4 to 30 degrees C.  They are creditcard sized for high density packaging. Our SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR assay has  analytical sensitivity of 10 copies, and has been multiplexed with a process control.  Alpha prototypes are currently running in CIGHT R&D labs.  They are recently-modified versions of a point of care system that has been in development for 3 years.  It was scheduled to go into clinical trails with flu A/B and STI panels at the end of this year.   While this high-throughput version will immediately fill a critical gap in COVID testing, systems can be scaled down to meet needs of urgent care clinics and doctors offices that may be involved in the future.",
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                    "2019-nCoV",
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            }
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            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "NNX13AG97G",
                "title": "DROUGHT ACCOUNTS FOR WIDE SPREAD AGRICULTURAL FAILURE, SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF LIFE THROUGH FAMINE, AND DECLINES IN NATIONAL GDP FOR MANY COUNTRIES, WITH NEARLY 1.9 BILLION PEOPLE HAVING BEEN AFFECTED BY DROUGHT IN THE 20TH C. ACCURATE AND HIGH-RESOLUTION REA",
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                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
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                "start_date": "2013-02-11",
                "end_date": "2017-02-10",
                "award_amount": 0,
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                "abstract": "DROUGHT ACCOUNTS FOR WIDE SPREAD AGRICULTURAL FAILURE, SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF LIFE THROUGH FAMINE, AND DECLINES IN NATIONAL GDP FOR MANY COUNTRIES, WITH NEARLY 1.9 BILLION PEOPLE HAVING BEEN AFFECTED BY DROUGHT IN THE 20TH C. ACCURATE AND HIGH-RESOLUTION REA",
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