Represents Grant table in the DB

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        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4176",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1631146",
                "title": "PFI:BIC - Smart Laser-Based Imaging and Optical Spectroscopy System: optical quantification of bacterial load, oral health surveillance, and caries prediction.",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP)",
                    "PFI-Partnrships for Innovation"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 14058,
                        "first_name": "Jesus Soriano",
                        "last_name": "Molla",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-09-01",
                "end_date": "2022-08-31",
                "award_amount": 999996,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 14062,
                    "first_name": "Eric",
                    "last_name": "Seibel",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
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                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 159,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/00cvxb145",
                            "name": "University of Washington",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "WA",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [
                    {
                        "id": 14060,
                        "first_name": "Sean",
                        "last_name": "Munson",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 159,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/00cvxb145",
                    "name": "University of Washington",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "WA",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "Caries and gum disease are especially prevalent and severe in low-income and rural communities, which often lack access to convenient and affordable dental care. Members of these communities are more likely to visit hospital emergency departments with advanced stages of oral disease that need surgical treatment; this increases the cost of dental care for families and burdens hospital resources. Tooth decay is the most common chronic disease in American children and adolescents age 6-19 despite being a preventable disease. In 2010, untreated tooth decay, or caries, affected 2.4 billion people worldwide. Early childhood caries leads to pain, infection, and discomfort. And in adults, chronic oral infections may increase the risk of preterm birth and diseases like diabetes and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). This project will develop a hand-held electric-toothbrush-like device with a user-friendly interface that can be used in the home or by community health workers in schools or rural clinics. The wand, which uses a safe optical scanning method, will send data and images to a dentist, who will be able to monitor how well dental treatments are working. The data and images collected by the device can be analyzed to discover where plaque and bacteria are present, providing a way to predict, and then prevent, disease. The wand will be able to prompt the user to address problem areas. This system, which will connect remote users to a dental provider, has the potential to improve the prevention and treatment of oral disease and the quality of life for people who do not have convenient access to regular, in-person dental care. \n\nTo enable this vision, this project will develop a smart system that offers screening, surveillance, and prediction for people to improve their oral health and prevent disease. A mature technology of laser-based imaging that is spatially registered with fluorescence spectral analysis will be used to study the complexities of the oral biofilm and dental demineralization. The bacterial measurement is performed with a hand-held single wavelength optical scanning probe that forms images from both reflectance and fluorescence contrast, with the option of taking laser-induced fluorescence spectra for diagnosis of enamel demineralization. To provide a smart interface, the optical information will be analyzed to identify trends, a new modality for the dental field. With analyses of the fluorescence signal from the plaque deposits displayed as a trend, the user, in collaboration with clinician, can monitor variations in oral health and the effectiveness of treatments. The research team will use an iterative process to develop, design, evaluate, and refine the tool. The tool will be tested for three scenarios: (1) a plaque- and caries-screening program for a trained lay user on an untrained \"patient\" (e.g., parent for a child, school nurse for pupils, pediatrician for young children, or staff at a remote rural clinic for patients); (2) a caries surveillance program for trained lay users electronically connected to a dentist who can guide the use of the tool; and (3) a caries prediction program, initially for clinical users. \n\nThis project brings together a multidisciplinary team from the University of Washington (UW), in Seattle, Washington, with expertise in human centered design, engineering, sensing and machine learning, oral biology, and dentistry: Eric J. Seibel (Principal Investigator, PI), Mechanical Engineering; Sean Munson (co-PI), Human Centered Design & Engineering; Shwetak Patel, Computer Science & Engineering; Zheng Xu, DDS, School of Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry; Jeff McLean, School of Dentistry, Periodontics. Lead industry partner Water Pik, Inc. (Fort Collins, CO), brings experience and knowledge about building, marketing, and distributing advanced dental devices to consumers: Deborah Lyle, Director of Professional & Clinical Affairs, and Jay McCulloch, Vice President, Global Marketing, Oral Care. Broader context partners are UW CoMotion (Seattle, WA), a technology transfer partner; QualComm Tech, Inc. (San Diego, CA), a wireless technology leader; Open Photonics, Inc. (Winter Park, FL), a business partner; and the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (Anchorage, AK), a non-profit community partner interested in the development of an optical diagnosis device for use with its rural beneficiaries.\n\nThis award is partially supported by funds from the Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Division of Computer and Network Systems (CNS).",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4033",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1629753",
                "title": "Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment for RV Endeavor - 2016",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Geosciences (GEO)",
                    "SHIPBOARD SCIENTIFIC SUPP EQUI"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 13520,
                        "first_name": "James",
                        "last_name": "Holik",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-03-15",
                "end_date": "2017-02-28",
                "award_amount": 31132,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 13521,
                    "first_name": "Thomas",
                    "last_name": "Glennon",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 161,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/013ckk937",
                            "name": "University of Rhode Island",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "RI",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 161,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/013ckk937",
                    "name": "University of Rhode Island",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "RI",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "A request is made to fund new and replacement instrumentation on the R/V Endeavor, a 185? general purpose research vessel operated by the University of Rhode Island as part of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) research fleet.\n\nThe R/V Endeavor is a well-equipped, intermediate sized research vessel that is owned by NSF and operated under a Charter Party Agreement by the University of Rhode Island. The vessel was built in 1976 and refit in 1993 and can carry up to 17 scientists on cruises up to 30 days in duration. The vessel supports projects from all disciplines of oceanography.  In 2015, R/V Endurance completed 251 days at sea. NSF funded projects accounted for 73 days or 29% of the total sailing schedule. In 2016, R/V Endeavor is scheduled for 197 days with NSF days accounting for 45% (89 days) of the total sailing schedule.\n\nShipboard Scientific Support Equipment (SSSE)  requested in this proposal includes\n\n\t\t\nViking Life Rafts\t         $19,482\nImperial Immersion Suits\t$11,650\n\t\t         $31,132\n\nBroader Impacts\t\nThe principal impact of the present proposal is under Merit Review Criterion 2 of the Proposal Guidelines (NSF 13-589). It provides infrastructure support for scientists to use the vessel and its shared-use instrumentation in support of their NSF-funded oceanographic research projects (which individually undergo separate review by the relevant research program of NSF).  The acquisition,  maintenance and operation of shared-use instrumentation allows NSF-funded researchers from any US university or lab access to working, calibrated instruments for their research, reducing the cost of that research, and expanding the base of potential researchers.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4209",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1629570",
                "title": "DMREF: Collaborative Research: Semiconductor Heterostructure Platform for Active Nonlocal Plasmonic and Hyperbolic Materials",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS)",
                    "DMREF"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 14187,
                        "first_name": "John",
                        "last_name": "Schlueter",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-10-01",
                "end_date": "2020-09-30",
                "award_amount": 250999,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 14189,
                    "first_name": "Daniel",
                    "last_name": "Wasserman",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 156,
                            "ror": "",
                            "name": "University of Texas at Austin",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "TX",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 156,
                    "ror": "",
                    "name": "University of Texas at Austin",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "TX",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "NON-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Multilayered composites, designed to combine the properties of reflective metals and transparent dielectrics, have the potential to revolutionize optical microscopy, control emission of molecules, and even to enable cloaks of invisibility. However, until now the advantages achieved with multilayered structures have been limited. Decreasing layer thickness, reducing absorption, and implementing optical gain have been named as some of the possible ways to advance the optics of multilayered media towards its revolutionary potential. In this project, our collaborative team will aim to understand, through carefully designed experimental, computational, and analytical studies, the optical response of free-electron plasma that underlines the photonics of multilayered composites. Of particular interest will be the limits of small layer thickness where quantum-mechanical effects are expected to manifest themselves, and the interaction between optical gain and loss. The program will present new opportunities for engaging students in interdisciplinary research and thus improve competitiveness of the US high-tech workforce. The team members will also implement a number of outreach events to broaden participation of school-aged and undergraduate students in STEM. \n\nTECHNICAL DESCRIPTION: Plasmonic metamaterials -- nanostructured composites with tailored optical response resulting from metallic or highly doped semiconducting components -- promise to revolutionize our understanding of light-matter interactions, enabling new applications that include perfect light absorbers, invisibility cloaks, sub-wavelength imaging, focusing, and guiding. In this project the team will perform a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of semiconductor layered metamaterials, with a vision towards understanding the fundamentals of light-matter interaction in heterogeneous mesoscale plasmonic systems. Of particular interest will be (i) understanding the optical response of plasmonic systems where the motion of the free charges is confined by the geometry, leading to nonlocal electromagnetism and to (ii) fundamentals of light propagation, emission, and absorption in coupled nonlocal nanoplasmonic systems. The developed description of active nonlocal plasmonics will be applicable to multiple material platforms operating throughout optical spectrum. The proposed program will provide multiple opportunities for educating the next-generation interdisciplinary workforce and will serve as a platform for outreach activities targeting undergraduates, school students, and school teachers.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4155",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1629239",
                "title": "DMREF/Collaborative Research: Nitride Discovery - Creating the Knowledge Base for Hard Coating Synthesis",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Engineering (ENG)",
                    "DMREF"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 13982,
                        "first_name": "Alexis",
                        "last_name": "Lewis",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-08-01",
                "end_date": "2022-07-31",
                "award_amount": 235035,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 13983,
                    "first_name": "Sanjay",
                    "last_name": "Khare",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 451,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/01pbdzh19",
                            "name": "University of Toledo",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "OH",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 451,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/01pbdzh19",
                    "name": "University of Toledo",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "OH",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "In applications where moving parts must be protected from excessive wear, hard coatings are often applied to components. The class of hard ceramic materials known as nitrides are often used for these coatings, but the performance of nitride coatings is limited and often insufficient, leading to breakdown of important components. New nitride materials have been predicted that are expected to have the significantly improved properties for wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Fabrication of these materials, however, remains a challenge.  This award supports research to systematically determine the conditions that will enable the manufacture of these desired new nitride materials. The results of this research will accelerate discovery of hard, wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings through a targeted synthesis approach, yielding new coating materials for emerging applications including fuel-efficient jet engines and gas turbines, environmentally-friendly lubricant-free cutting tools, high-temperature concentrating solar power plants, and wind turbines.\n\nThe coatings-by-design approach in this work facilitates the introduction of promising new nitrides, which have remained unexplored because the traditional approach of simultaneously optimizing composition, microstructure, and deposition process is too costly and slow. This method enables a deterministic pathway to ascertain the processing parameter space to achieve the desired composition and microstructure from thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, and then synthesize the coating experimentally. This method is based on an iterative combination of experiments and density functional theory calculations, to determine nitrogen incorporation kinetics and phase formation during deposition of transition metal nitride coatings. The research effort focuses primarily on the systematic determination of reaction and diffusion rates and local equilibria at the surface of growing transition metal nitride layers during coating synthesis. A quantitative model will be developed that predicts composition and phase of deposited nitrides as a function of incident ion energetics and growth temperature and pressure, using both measured and calculated values. The model will be verified by experimental coating deposition. Deposition of new super-hard, tough, and vacancy-stabilized nitride phases will be explored. Data collected in this research will be made publicly available through an open online database.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4168",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1628146",
                "title": "Psychological Distance and the Mitigation of Interpersonal Risks",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (SBE)",
                    "Economics"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 14032,
                        "first_name": "Kwabena",
                        "last_name": "Gyimah-Brempong",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-09-01",
                "end_date": "2021-08-31",
                "award_amount": 435708,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 14035,
                    "first_name": "Angela",
                    "last_name": "de Oliveira",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "[email protected]",
                    "private_emails": null,
                    "keywords": "[]",
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": "[]",
                    "desired_collaboration": "",
                    "comments": "",
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 200,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/0072zz521",
                            "name": "University of Massachusetts Amherst",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "MA",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [
                    {
                        "id": 14033,
                        "first_name": "Ezra",
                        "last_name": "Markowitz",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 14034,
                        "first_name": "Emily",
                        "last_name": "Huff",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 200,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/0072zz521",
                    "name": "University of Massachusetts Amherst",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "MA",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "In our increasingly inter-connected society, many of the daily decisions individuals make can create, contribute to, or alter the risks that other people face. Perhaps more than in any other setting, individuals' decisions to prepare (or not) for hazards and natural disasters - such as wildfires, extreme storm events and invasive pests - can hugely impact the severity and likelihood of risks faced by others, including their neighbors. This project will seek to uncover some of the key factors that shape whether people are willing to invest in personally costly but mutually beneficial efforts to reduce the risks that natural hazards pose not only to themselves but also to those around them. In particular, the PI will explore how the physical and psychological distance people feel and perceive between themselves and others who could be affected by their actions influences how much risk-reducing action individuals are willing to take. The project will examine these factors in the context of two particularly relevant problems many people in the U.S. face: wildfire mitigation and invasive forest pest management. Using a combination of surveys and decision-making experiments, the PI will test how these feelings of distance influence the decisions people make in these two settings. The knowledge gained from this research will be widely applicable to other contexts involving these types of \"interpersonally produced\" risks, such as reckless driving, childhood vaccination, and financial investments. The project will also provide policymakers and others with guidance for developing effective ways to encourage individuals and communities to take proactive action to reduce these sorts of risks.\n\nUnderstanding the key factors that influence individuals' willingness to invest in costly mitigation of natural hazards-related interpersonal risks is critical in order to improve decision-making across a wide range of decision contexts. The production of interpersonal risks refers to the process of individual actions changing the probabilities or payoffs of risks that others face, hence the name \"interpersonally produced risks\" (IPRs). IPRs occur when the actions of one individual modify either the likelihood of another person's experiencing a risk or the severity of the risk. The study of IPRs contributes to our understanding of interdependent risks and the social aspects of risk. In this project, the PI investigates one possible driver of IPR decision-making, psychological distance. Psychological distance is a concept that captures the perceived distance between an individual's present state of being and an object or concept. The research will investigate the relationship between psychological distance and the production of IPRs in two impactful decision-making contexts: wildfire mitigation and invasive forest pest management. IPRs are highly relevant in these contexts as decisions made by individuals directly affect risks faced by others. The proposed set of studies will contribute new knowledge to multiple literatures within economics, psychology, and natural resources management. Results will contribute to our theoretical understanding of processes underlying IPRs, social aspects of risky decisions, and the relationship between psychological distance dimensions and IPRs. The proposed work will also help federal, state and local agencies develop better methods for engaging individual citizens in IPR mitigation behaviors.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4172",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1627432",
                "title": "Air Pollution Externalities: Evidence from  U.S. Electricity Generation over the Twentieth Century",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (SBE)",
                    "Economics"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 14045,
                        "first_name": "Kwabena",
                        "last_name": "Gyimah-Brempong",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-07-01",
                "end_date": "2020-06-30",
                "award_amount": 238235,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 14048,
                    "first_name": "Edson",
                    "last_name": "Severnini",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 243,
                            "ror": "",
                            "name": "Carnegie-Mellon University",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "PA",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [
                    {
                        "id": 14047,
                        "first_name": "Karen",
                        "last_name": "Clay",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 243,
                    "ror": "",
                    "name": "Carnegie-Mellon University",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "PA",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "This project examines the effect that expansion of electricity generation had on health and other outcomes over the twentieth century.  By digitizing new data on power plant-level consumption of bituminous coal and generation of electricity, it becomes possible to address two important issues.  The first is how the health effects of air pollution have changed over time with changes in income, nutrition, access to health services, and medical care.  This research can then help policymakers understand how future changes in these measures will affect the health of effects of air pollution.  The second is the extent to which air pollution makes influenza pandemics more severe. New experimental evidence suggests that air pollution exacerbates the health effects of influenza in mice.  The analysis will examine the Spanish Influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 and later pandemics in 1957-1958, 1968-1969, 1977 (in children), and 2008-2009 to provide new evidence on the extent to which pollution exacerbates the health effects of infectious disease in humans. Influenza pandemics are unpredictable but recurring events that create substantial economic disruption and pose a major threat to U.S. and global health. Even with modern antiviral and antibacterial drugs, a pandemic virus with similar pathogenicity to the 1918 virus would quickly overwhelm the existing medical infrastructure, and would likely kill more than 100 million people worldwide. Thus, preventative strategies and targeted distribution of medical resources are likely to be critical in mitigating the severity of an outbreak in the United States.\n\nBecause of the sector?s reliance on bituminous coal, electricity was an important contributor to air pollution over the twentieth century. The proposed project will improve knowledge about the externalities of air pollution by studying it at a level of detail that has not previously been possible. A key aspect of the project is the expansion of a new detailed electric power plant-level dataset on capacity, generation, fuel consumption, and other production expenses for 1963-1993. Data for 1915 and 1938-1962 have been digitized, and beginning in 1994, these data are available in digital form. This project uses the new dataset to advance knowledge in two main areas of inquiry. First, how have the marginal health effects of air pollution varied over time and as a function of environmental characteristics such as access to electricity and levels of pollution? Existing studies often examine short time frames that have little variation in access to electricity or levels of pollution. The proposed research overcomes this limitation by using power-level data on openings and coal consumption.  Monitor data do not become available until 1953, the network of monitors remained sparse into the 1960s, and even today the network is not very dense.  Using power-plant level data permits advances in two dimensions. It makes it possible to examine the period prior to the collection of monitor data.  Further, it makes it possible to examine the effects of air pollution for a much bigger geographic area. This research allows the PIs to better understand the shape of the pollution-infant mortality concentration-response function and how it varies with levels of pollution, and shifts in the concentration-response function over time due to income, changes in nutrition, access to health services, and advances in medical care. Second, new experimental evidence suggests that air pollution exacerbates the health effects of influenza in mice. Are humans affected in a similar way? This research will provide new evidence from the Spanish Influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 and later pandemics on the extent to which pollution exacerbates the health effects of infectious disease in humans. Understanding such effects is important for three reasons. The current benefits of pollution reduction are understated, because they do not account for the effects on deaths from infectious disease. Pollution abatement becomes a long run and possibly a short run (emergency shutdowns) tool for addressing pandemics and infectious disease more broadly. Finally, during pandemics it may be efficient for polluted locations to receive more prevention and treatment resources than less polluted locations.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4193",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1626917",
                "title": "STEM Education Through Sophomore Innovation (SETSI)",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Education and Human Resources (EHR)",
                    "IUSE"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 14118,
                        "first_name": "Ellen",
                        "last_name": "Carpenter",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-09-01",
                "end_date": "2020-08-31",
                "award_amount": 584705,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 14119,
                    "first_name": "Lynn",
                    "last_name": "Cominsky",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 725,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/04wjxkk25",
                            "name": "Sonoma State University",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "CA",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 725,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/04wjxkk25",
                    "name": "Sonoma State University",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "CA",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "Research has shown that STEM learning is enhanced when students' experiences are authentic and meaningful, e.g., when students see direct connections between what they learn and their own lived experiences and the surrounding community. During the last ten years there has been prolific growth of Makerspaces, hackerspaces, and Fab labs that are accessible to students and provide an environment that introduces students to methods and technologies that they can use to arrive at solutions relevant to society and their lives. This project aims to increase retention rates for college students majoring in STEM disciplines by creating a university \"Makerspace\" laboratory and an associated Sophomore Year Experience (SYE) course.  The STEM-SYE course aims to develop specific skills, including technical skills, group collaboration, project design, planning and execution, and the ability to present and defend results.  \n\nThe project will impact sophomore STEM majors through three major program elements: 1) The design, creation, and implementation of a multi-disciplinary STEM sophomore-year experience course; 2) the creation of a campus Makerspace to support the proposed curriculum and to foster an inclusive community by providing learning and service opportunities; and 3) the improvement of the knowledge base for defining effective undergraduate STEM education. The education goal will be guided by two research questions: How does the developed innovative pedagogy impact students' motivation and retention in STEM fields? Do the skill sets introduced through low-cost campus Makerspaces lead to gains in students' future performance and career readiness? Education research conducted by the project team will measure the influence of the new course, and will provide formative input on the course development process, replicability and scalability. To document learning and retention gains from the program, external evaluators will quantify progress toward achieving specific learning outcomes and improving the retention and graduation rate of STEM students.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "3587",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1626602",
                "title": "Engaged Student Learning: Coalition for Undergraduate Computational Data-enabled Science & Engineering (CDSE) Education",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Education and Human Resources (EHR)",
                    "IUSE"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 11645,
                        "first_name": "Ellen",
                        "last_name": "Carpenter",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2017-01-15",
                "end_date": "2020-12-31",
                "award_amount": 479762,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 11649,
                    "first_name": "Matthew",
                    "last_name": "Ikle",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 1140,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/05vccrs41",
                            "name": "Adams State University",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "CO",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [
                    {
                        "id": 11646,
                        "first_name": "Hong",
                        "last_name": "Liu",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 11647,
                        "first_name": "Michael",
                        "last_name": "Wolyniak",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 11648,
                        "first_name": "Raphael D",
                        "last_name": "Isokpehi",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 1140,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/05vccrs41",
                    "name": "Adams State University",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "CO",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "This project will develop a virtual department across four partner campuses to provide computer science education to students at campuses that are individually too small to support this kind of department.  The new department will focus on the analysis of \"big data\" - large sets of computational and observational data - that are becoming increasingly prevalent in STEM.  Cyber-learning techniques such as recorded lectures, archived materials, blog participation, and active learning approaches will be combined to offer a set of classes in big data science spanning meteorology, environmental science, biology and chemistry. By combining students from different campuses into the same courses, problems with minimal resources and limited potential enrollments on the individual campuses can be overcome.  In particular, the project will focus on developing courses in biology and earth science, areas where students are not attracted by traditional computer science classes.  \n\nThe project will develop a flexible, blended learning model and effective learning assessment tools that can be implemented across multiple disciplines and institutions. The major goals and corresponding objectives of the project are to:\n1)\tDevelop and implement high quality and relevant Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering (CDSE) courses in mathematical modeling, data mining, genomics and bioinformatics, and problems in atmospheric and hydrospheric science using active learning and research-based teaching methodologies that promote inter-institutional and interdisciplinary collaboration. \n2)\tUse innovative web-based technologies, to develop and implement learning assessment tools to gauge achievement of students from diverse backgrounds and contexts. \n3)\tDevelop, implement, and test an expanded CDSE pedagogical network in which resource sharing allows institutions of all sizes and types to consistently and sustainably offer CDSE coursework. \nInstructors from different campuses will be paired in a peer teaching/peer review model for course design and implementation.  Including pairs of instructors from different institutions ensures that (1) each instructor will gain the knowledge and experience to teach a new course that is originally developed by the other instructor; and (2) the courses are thoroughly reviewed and revised by peers. The coalition will share its discoveries in building inter-institutional teaching efficiency, undergraduate research opportunities, and learning assessment via online networks, new coalition partners, conferences, and publications.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4244",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1626278",
                "title": "Collaborative Research: Transforming the Organic Chemistry Lab Experience: Implementation and Evaluation of a Reformed Organic Lab Curriculum Across Institutions",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Education and Human Resources (EHR)",
                    "IUSE"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 14327,
                        "first_name": "Dawn",
                        "last_name": "Rickey",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-09-01",
                "end_date": "2021-08-31",
                "award_amount": 100859,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 14330,
                    "first_name": "Jason",
                    "last_name": "Anderson",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 1252,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/03psxy088",
                            "name": "Monroe Community College",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "NY",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [
                    {
                        "id": 14328,
                        "first_name": "Brian L",
                        "last_name": "Edelbach",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 1252,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/03psxy088",
                    "name": "Monroe Community College",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "NY",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "Organic chemistry is required for college students majoring in a variety of STEM disciplines. Traditionally, this course has been viewed as a gatekeeper and students have considered the laboratory experience as an isolated and irrelevant use of their time. Reformed teaching methods that increase the relevance of the laboratory and increase student success have proven challenging to deliver, especially when laboratories are taught by graduate teaching assistants. This project, which builds on prior NSF-funded work (DUE Awards #1245160 and #1245176), will develop, implement, and study innovative and easy-to-adopt studio-based organic lab modules. These modules will transform the traditional 3-4 hour organic laboratory into a meaningful learning experience involving trouble-shooting problems and honing lab skills. The project is a collaborative effort between a research university (Rochester Institute of Technology) and a community college (Monroe Community College), which will ensure the materials are appropriate for use in both two-year and four-year settings. In collaboration with regional partners, studies will be conducted to evaluate student learning in other settings, as well as the ease of module adoption, student performance, and retention rates.\n\nThis project leverages earlier work developing a studio-based organic laboratory curriculum for two-year and four-year colleges, and promoting its broadened development and implementation. Central goals of the project are enhancing students' meaningful learning and engagement with organic chemistry, and developing a model for implementation of reform-based curricula. To determine the impact of this approach, the project will measure student learning and success, and evaluate the ease and fidelity of module adoption at collaborating institutions. Given the diverse population of students across the institutions committed to adopt the materials and the proximity to the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, further studies will identify retention trends for a diverse set of student populations. This will contribute to developing a more diverse, globally competitive STEM workforce. The results will be disseminated broadly via a PI-sponsored conference, peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations, a website, and a textbook partnership.",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        },
        {
            "type": "Grant",
            "id": "4261",
            "attributes": {
                "award_id": "1626217",
                "title": "MRI: Acquisition of a Shared High Performance Computational (HPC) Cluster for Research, Training and Institutional Use",
                "funder": {
                    "id": 3,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/021nxhr62",
                    "name": "National Science Foundation",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "funder_divisions": [
                    "Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE)",
                    "Major Research Instrumentation"
                ],
                "program_reference_codes": [],
                "program_officials": [
                    {
                        "id": 14402,
                        "first_name": "Alejandro",
                        "last_name": "Suarez",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "start_date": "2016-08-01",
                "end_date": "2020-07-31",
                "award_amount": 622986,
                "principal_investigator": {
                    "id": 14407,
                    "first_name": "Sergei",
                    "last_name": "Nazarenko",
                    "orcid": null,
                    "emails": "",
                    "private_emails": "",
                    "keywords": null,
                    "approved": true,
                    "websites": null,
                    "desired_collaboration": null,
                    "comments": null,
                    "affiliations": [
                        {
                            "id": 631,
                            "ror": "https://ror.org/0270vfa57",
                            "name": "University of Southern Mississippi",
                            "address": "",
                            "city": "",
                            "state": "MS",
                            "zip": "",
                            "country": "United States",
                            "approved": true
                        }
                    ]
                },
                "other_investigators": [
                    {
                        "id": 14403,
                        "first_name": "Jeremy D",
                        "last_name": "Wiggert",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 14404,
                        "first_name": "Chaoyang",
                        "last_name": "Zhang",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 14405,
                        "first_name": "Jacob",
                        "last_name": "Schaefer",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 14406,
                        "first_name": "Jeffrey S",
                        "last_name": "Wiggins",
                        "orcid": null,
                        "emails": "",
                        "private_emails": "",
                        "keywords": null,
                        "approved": true,
                        "websites": null,
                        "desired_collaboration": null,
                        "comments": null,
                        "affiliations": []
                    }
                ],
                "awardee_organization": {
                    "id": 631,
                    "ror": "https://ror.org/0270vfa57",
                    "name": "University of Southern Mississippi",
                    "address": "",
                    "city": "",
                    "state": "MS",
                    "zip": "",
                    "country": "United States",
                    "approved": true
                },
                "abstract": "The University of Southern Mississippi (USM) will acquire a supercomputer to support research and training in computational and data-enabled science and engineering (CDS&E) in a variety of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. With this supercomputer, computational resources will be made available to students, staff, and faculty at both USM and regional community colleges and high schools, thereby providing enhanced capabilities for training and education. This instrumentation will also include an institutional repository for archiving data sets and scholarly output, and disseminating these resources to the scientific community and to the public.\n\nThis instrumentation will establish critical cyberinfrastructure needed to facilitate student learning and research in four main thrusts whose common denominator is computing: (i) Materials Science, (ii) Biological Sciences, (iii) Coastal and Marine Sciences, and (iv) Data Mining, Bioinformatics, and Geoinformatics. The instrumentation will comprise standard compute nodes, high-core compute nodes, large memory nodes, and nodes equipped with graphics processing units (GPUs). The instrumentation will enable academicians, researchers, and students to pursue research and education in areas of national and international importance, such as climate change, coastal hazard mitigation and resilience building efforts, advanced manufacturing, natural resource management, the materials genome initiative, and big data science. The instrumentation will reduce researchers' reliance on external cyberinfrastructure, and will aid their transition to national user facilities such as the NSF's eXtreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE).",
                "keywords": [],
                "approved": true
            }
        }
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